Salud Mental

Associaton between violence and drug consumption with suicide in lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transvestites, and transsexuals: cross-sectional study

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

Grayce Alencar Albuquerque
Francisco Winter dos Santos Figueiredo
Laércio da Silva Paiva
Márcio Flávio Moura de Araújo
Erika da Silva Maciel
Fernando Adami

Abstract

Introduction. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transvestite, and transgender (LGBT) people are affected by prejudice and psychological, physical, and/or sexual violence due to their sexual orientation.

Objective. To analyze the association between violence, drug use, and suicide in LGBT people.

Method. We interviewed 316 LGBT people from two cities of the Brazilian Northeast by means of a structured instrument. This included questions about sociodemographic data, sexual orientation, type of violence, type and quantity of drugs consumed, and suicide.

Results. There was a positive association between physical violence and anabolic consumption (p = .001) and tranquilizers (p = .012). In relation to psychological and verbal violence, there was a positive association with the use of tranquilizers (p = .021) and negative with the use of amphetamines (p = .027). Suicide attempts were associated with having experienced physical (p = .03) and sexual (p = .037) violence. Drug use, especially ecstasy, cocaine, marijuana, and tranquilizers, was also associated with suicide attempts (p = .002, p = .031, p < .001, p < .001, respectively). The participants who had already attempted suicide were more vulnerable to experience violence and consume drugs within 30 days prior to the interview (p < .001).

Discussion and conclusion. Psychological/verbal violence showed to be associated with the use of amphetamines, while physical violence was associated with a higher consumption of tranquilizers and anabolic steroids. Suicide attempts were more common among participants who had suffered physical violence and who were users of substances such as ecstasy, cocaine, marijuana, and tranquilizers.

Keywords:
Homosexuality, bisexuality, violence, psychotropic medications

References

Andrade, S. S. C. A., Yokota, R. T. C., Sá, N. N. B., Silva, M. M. A., Araújo, W. N., Mascarenhas, M. D. M., & Malta, D. C. (2012). Relação entre violência física, consumo de álcool e outras drogas e bullying entre adolescentes escolares brasileiros. Cad Saúde Pública, 28 (9), 1725-1736. doi: 10.1590/S0102-311X2012000900011

Blosnich, J., & Bossarte, R. (2012). Drivers of disparity: differences in socially-based risk factors of self-injurious and suicidal behaviors among sexual minority college students. Journal of American College Health, 60, 141-149. doi: 10.1080/07448481.2011.623332

Brasil. Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Direitos Humanos. (2011). Relatório sobre violência homofóbica no Brasil: Ano de 2011. Brasília: Author.

Brasil. Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Direitos Humanos. (2012). Relatório sobre violência homofóbica no Brasil: ano de 2012. Brasília: Author

Buller, A. M., Devries, K. M., Howard, L. M., & Bacchus, L. J. (2014). Associations between intimate partner violence and health among men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med, 11 (3). doi:10.1371/jornal.pmed.1001609

Bye, L., Gruskin, E., Greenwood, G., Albright, V., & Krotki, K. (2005). California lesbians, gays, bisexuals and trans-gender (LGBT) Tobacco Use Survey - 2004. Sacramento, CA: California Department of Health Services, 40. Retrieved from: www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/tobacco/Documents/Resources/Publications/CTCP-LGBTTobaccoStudy.pdf

Cochran, S. D., Mays, V. M., Alegria, M., Ortega, A. N., & Takeuchi, D. (2007). Mental health and substance use disorders among Latino and Asian American lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 785-794. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.75.5.785

Delgado, J. B., Castro, M. C., & Ojeda, F. B. (2014). Características sociodemográficas, bienestar subjetivo y homofobia en una muestra de hombres gay en tres cuidades chilenas. Cad Saude Publica, 30 (6), 1259-1269. doi: 10.1590/0102-311X00108413

Fassinger, R. (1991). The hidden minority issues and challenges in working with lesbian women and gay men. The Counseling Psychologist, 19 (2), 157-176. doi: 10.1177/0011000091192003

Friedman, M. S., Marshal, M. P., Guadamuz, T. E., Wei, C., Wong, C. F., Saewyc, E., & Stall, R. (2011). A meta-analysis of disparities in childhood sexual abuse, parental physical abuse, and peer victimization among sexual minority and sexual nonminority individuals. American Journal of Public Health, 101 (8), 1481-1494. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.190009

Gearhardt, A. N., Grilo, C. M., & Potenza, M. N. (2011). Can food be addictive? Public health and policy implications. Addiction, 106 (7), 1208-1212. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03301.x

Governo do Estado do Ceará. (2013a). Perfil básico municipal. Crato: Instituto de Pesquisa e Estratégia Econômica do Ceará [IPECE].

Governo do Estado do Ceará. (2013b). Perfil básico municipal. Crato: Instituto de Pesquisa e Estratégia Econômica do Ceará [IPECE].

Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Mphil, M. S., Mclaughlin, K. A., & Hasin, D. S. (2010). The impact of institutional discrimination on psychiatric disorders in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: a prospective study. American Journal of Public Health, 100 (3), 452-459. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.168815

Hérnandez, L. O., & Torres, M. I. G. (2005). Efectos de la violencia y la discriminación en la salud mental de bisexuales, lesbianas y homosexuales de la Ciudad de México. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 21, 913-925. Doi: 10.1590/S0102-311X2005000300026

Hughes, T. L., Johnson, T. P., Wilsnack, S. C., & Szalacha, L. A. (2007). Childhood risk factors for alcohol abuse and psychological distress among adult lesbians. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31, 769-789. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.12.014

Kecojevic, A., Wong, C. F., Schrager, S. M., Silva, K., Bloom, J. J., Iverson, E., & Lankenau, S. E. (2012). Initiation into prescription drug misuse: differences between lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) and heterosexual high-risk young adults in Los Angeles and New York. Addict Behav, 37 (11), 1289-1293. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.06.006

King, M., Semlyen, J., Tai, S. V., Killaspy, H., Osborn, D., Popelyuk, D., & Nazareth, I. (2008). A systematic review of mental disorder, suicide, and deliberate self harm in lesbian, gay and bisexual people. BMC Psychiatry, 8, 70. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-8-70.

Laranjeira, R. (Org.). (2014). Segundo Levantamento Nacional de Álcool e Drogas - Relatório 2012. São Paulo: Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia para Políticas Públicas do Álcool e Outras Drogas [INPAD]. Retirado de: http://inpad.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Lenad-II-Relat%C3%B3rio.pdf . Acesso em: 11 fev. 2013.

Lima, R. S., Bueno, S., & Mingardi, G. (2016). Estado, polícias e segurança pública no Brasil. Revista Direito GV, 12 (1), 49-85. doi: 10.1590/2713-6172201603

Lwanga, S. K., & Lemeshow, S. (1991). Sample size determination in health studies: a practical manual. Geneva: WHO.

Marshal, M. P., Burton, C. M., & Friedman, M. S. (2013). Cross-sectional evidence for a stress-negative affect pathway to substance use among sexual minority girls. Clin Transl Sci, 6 (4), 321-322. doi: 10.1111/cts.12052

Matthews, A. K., Hughes, T. L., Johnson, T., Razzano, L. A., & Cassidy, R. (2002). Prediction of depressive distress in a community sample of women: the role of sexual orientation. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 1131-1139. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.92.7.1131

McCabe, S. E., Bostwick, W.B., & Boyd, C.J. (2010). The relationship between discrimination and substance use disorders among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 100 (10), 1946- 52. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.163147

McDaniel, J.S., Purcell, D., & D'Augelli, A.R. (2001). The relationship between sexual orientation and risk for suicide: research findings and future. Suicide Life Threatening Behavior, 31(supl), 84-105. doi: 10.1521/suli.31.1.5.84.24224

Meyer I. H., Dietrich, J., & Schwartz, S. Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders and suicide attempts in diverse lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations. American Journal of Public Health, 98, 1004–1006. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.096826

Monteiro, R. M. P. (2013). Álcool e outras drogas: diálogos sobre um mal-estar contemporâneo. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 29, 1693-1694. doi: 10.1590/0102-311XRE020813

Morgenstern, J., Bux, D. A. J., Parsons, J., Hagman, B. T., Waingberg, M., & Irwin, T. (2009). Randomized trial to reduce club drug use and HIV risk behaviors among men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77 (4), 645-656. doi: 10.1037/a0015588

Pellulo, C.P., Giuseppe, G.D., & Angelillo, I.F. (2013). Frequency of discrimination, harassment, and violence in lesbian, gay men, and bisexual in Italy. PloS One, 8 (8). doi: 10.1371/jornal.pone.0074446

Phillips, G., Turner, B., Salamanca, P., Birkett, M., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Newcomb, M. E., … Mustanski, B. (2017). Victimization as a mediator of alcohol use disparities between sexual minority subgroups and sexual majority youth using the 2015 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 178, 355-362. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.040

Rayn, C., Huebner, D., Diaz R.M., Sanchez J. (2009). Family rejection as a predictor of negative health outcomes in white and Latino lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults. Pediatrics, 123, 346-52. doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-3524

Sánchez, F.J., Greenberg, S.T., & Vilain, E. (2009). Reported Effects of Masculine Ideals on Gay Men. Psychol Men Masc, 10 (1), 73-87. doi: 10.1037/a0013513

Santis, J.P., Gonzalez-Guarda, R., & Deleon, D.A. (2014). The tangled branches (Las Ramas Enredadas): sexual risk, substance abuse, and intimate partner violence among hispanic men who have sex with men. J Transcult Nurs, 25 (1). doi: 10.1177/1043659613504110

Santos, C. B. (2013). É proibido fumar, diz o aviso que eu li”: o serviço social na promoção da saúde do usuário tabagista. (Monografia). Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul.

Silva, A.C.L.G., Coelho, E.B.S., & Pires, R.O.M. (2014). O que se sabe sobre o homem autor de violência contra a parceira íntima: uma revisão sistemática. Revista Pan Americana del Salud Publica, 35 (4), 278-283.

Souza, M.H.T., Malvasi, P., Signorelli, M.C., & Pereira, P.P.G. (2015). Violência e sofrimento social no itinerário de travestis de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Cad Saude Publica, 31 (4), 767-76. doi: 10.1590/0102-311X00077514

Teixeira-Filho, F. S., & Rondini, C. A. (2012). Ideações e tentativas de suicídio em adolescentes com práticas sexuais hétero e homoeróticas. Saúde & Sociedade, 21 (3), 1-13. doi: 10.1590/S0104-12902012000300011

Thiede, H., Valleroy, L.A., Mackellar, D.A., Celentano, D.D., Ford, W.L., Hagan, H., ... Torian, L.V. (2003). Regional patterns and correlates of substance use among young men who have sex with men in seven US urban areas. American Journal of Public Health, 93 (11), 1915-1921. Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1448076/ . Acesso em: 15 fev. 2013.

Traube, D.E., Holloway, I,W., Schrager, S.M., & Kipke, M.D. (2012). Utilizing Social Action Theory as a framework to determine correlates of illicit drug use among young men who have sex with men. Psychol Addict Behav, 26 (1), 78-88. doi: 10.1037/a0024191

Vieira, N. A. (2006). Entendendo quem entende: comportamentos, atitudes e práticas de risco e de prevencao para aids entre homens que fazem sexo com homens (Dissertação de mestrado, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhaes, Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Recife, PE). Retrieved from http://www.cpqam.fiocruz.br/bibpdf/2008vieira-na.pdf

Wong, C.F., Weiss, G., Ayala, G., & Kipke, M.D. (2010). Harassment, discrimination, violence and illicit drug use among men young men who have sex with men. AIDS Education and Prevention, 22 (4), 286-98. doi: 10.1521/aeap.2010.22.4.286.

Zarias, A. (2010). A família do direito e a família no direito: a legitimidade das relações sociais entre a lei e a Justiça. Revista Brasileira de Ciência e Sociedade, 25, 61-76. doi:10.1590/S0102-69092010000300004