Salud Mental

Psychological impact of sociodemographic factors and medical conditions in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

Alejandro González-González
Aldebarán Toledo-Fernández
Héctor Romo-Parra
Ernesto Reyes-Zamorano
Diana Betancourt-Ocampo

Abstract

Introduction. Older adults are not only at a higher medical risk during the COVID-19 pandemic, but they may also be a group particularly vulnerable to mental health diminishing.

Objective. To analyze the effect of some sociodemographic factors (sex and age) and medical conditions (diabetes and hypertension) on mental health and concerns about COVID-19 in a sample of older adults.

Method. A non-probabilistic sample of 2,992 older adults (37.7% men and 62.3% women) was selected, with an average age of 70.45 years (SD = 7.31). Participants were given the Impact of Event Scale-6 (IES-6), the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), a questionnaire of concerns about COVID-19, and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Participants’ answers were captured via Google Forms.

Results. The results showed that women had greater concerns about COVID-19 than men. The findings in general showed significant effects, with women showing higher scores in depressive symptoms, anxiety, and greater stress generated in addition by the impact of the event. Differences concerning event-related stress and depression were found in relation to subgroups by age.

Discussion and conclusion. These finding could serve for the planning and development of strategies that provide attention to the mental health of this population group.
Keywords:
Older adults, depression, anxiety, stress, COVID-19

References

Beaglehole, B., Mulder, R. T., Frampton, C. M., Boden, J. M., Newton-Howes, G., & Bell, C. J. (2018). Psychological distress and psychiatric disorder after natural disasters: systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 213(6), 716-722. doi: 10.1192/bjp.2018.210

Blazer, D. G. (2003). Depression in late life: Review and commentary. Journal of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 58(3), M249-M265. doi: 10.1093/gerona/58.3.M249

Boulé, N. G., Weisnagel, S. J., Lakka, T. A., Tremblay, A., Bergman, R. N., Rankinen, T., … Bouchard, C. (2005). Effects of exercise training on glucose homeostasis: The Heritage Family Study. Diabetes Care, 28(1), 108-114. doi: 10.2337/diacare.28.1.108

Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912-920. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8

Caamaño W., L., Fuentes M., D., González B., L., Melipillán A., R., Sepúlveda C., M., & Valenzuela G., E. (2011). Adaptación y validación de la versión chilena de la escala de impacto de evento-revisada (EIE-R). Revista Médica de Chile, 139(9), 1163-1168. doi: 10.4067/S0034-98872011000900008

Castro Silva, E., Benjet, C., Juárez García, F., Jurado Cárdenas, S., Lucio Gómez-Maqueo, M. E., & Valencia Cruz, A. (2017). Non-suicidal self-injuries in a sample of Mexican university students. Salud Mental, 40(5), 191-199. doi: 10.17711/SM.0185-3325.2017.025

CEPAL, Naciones Unidas. (2012). Foro Internacional sobre los derechos de las personas mayores - March 26-28. Retrieved from https://www.cepal.org/es/eventos/foro-internacional-derechos-personas-mayores

Chan, J. F.-W., Yuan, S., Kok, K.-H., To, K. K.-W., Chu, H., Yang, J., … Yuen, K.-Y. (2020). A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. The Lancet, 395(10223), 514-523. doi: 10.1016/S0140- 6736(20)30154-9

Chireh, B., Li, M., & D’Arcy, C. (2019). Diabetes increases the risk of depression: A systematic review, meta-analysis and estimates of population attributable fractions based on prospective studies. Preventive Medicine Reports, 14, 100822. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr. 2019.100822

Cole, M.G., & Dendukuri, N. (2003) Risk factors for depression among elderly community subjects: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(6), 1147-1156. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.6.1147

Djernes, J. K. (2006) Prevalence and predictors of depression in populations of elderly: a review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 113(5), 372-387. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00770.x

Donlan, W., & Lee, J. (2010). Screening for depression among indigenous Mexican migrant farmworkers using the Patient Health Questionnaire–9. Psychological Reports, 106(2), 419-432. doi: 10.2466/PR0.106.2.419-432

Familiar, I., Ortiz-Panoso, E., Hall, B., Vieitez, I., Romieu, I., Lopez-Ridaura, R., & Lajous, M. (2014). Factor structure of the Spanish version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in Mexican women. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 24(1), 74-82. doi: 10.1002/mpr.1461

Fiske, A., Wetherell, J. L., & Gatz, M. (2009). Depression in Older Adults. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 5, 363-389. doi: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153621

García-Campayo, J., Zamorano, E., Ruíz, M. A., Pardo, A., Freire, O., Pérez-Páramo, M., … Rejas, J. (2009). Cultural adaptation into Spanish of the generalized anxiety disorder scale-7 (GAD-7) scale. European Psychiatry, 24(Supp. 1), S538. doi: 10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70771-0

García-Méndez, M., Rivera-Aragón, S., Díaz-Loving, R., & Reyes-Lagunes, I. (2015). Continuidad y cambio en la familia. Factores intervenientes. México: Manual Moderno.

Guo, Y., Cao, Q., Hong, Z., Tan, Y., Chen, S., Jing, H., … Yan, Y. (2020). The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak ‒ an update on the status. Military Medical Research, 7(1), 11. doi: 10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0

Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. (2018). Encuesta Nacional de la Dinámica Demográfica (ENADID) 2018. Retrieved from https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/enadid/2018/

Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606-613. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x

Li, Q., Guan, X., Wu, P., Wang, X., Zhou, L., Tong, Y., … Feng, Z. (2020). Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(13), 1199-1207. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa2001316

Liu, Y., Gayle, A. A., Wilder-Smith, A., & Rocklöv, J. (2020). The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(2). doi: 10.1093/jtm/taaa021

Márquez-Díaz, F., Rojas-Flores, D. M., Cárdenas-Bravo, L., Cadena-Orea, D., Pérez-Barragán, E., Paredes-Ceballos, O., … Cabrera-Rayo, A. (2020). Position of the College of Internal Medicine of Mexico on the new coronavirus, 2019. Medicina Interna de México, 36(1), 87-93. doi: 10.24245/mim. v36i1.3922

Musen, G., Simonson, D. C., Bolo, N. R., Driscoll, A., Weinger, K., Raji, A., … Jacobson, A. M. (2008). Regional brain activation during hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 93(4), 1450-1457. doi: 10.1210/jc.2007-2007

Naveen, K., Goel, A. D., Dwivedi, S., & Hassan, M. A. (2020). Adding life to years: Role of gender and social and family engagement in geriatric depression in rural areas of Northern India. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 9(2), 721-728. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1019_19

Parkerson, H. A., Thibodeau, M. A., Brandt, C. P., Zvolensky, M. J., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2015). Cultural-based biases of the GAD-7. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 31, 38-42. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.01.005

Plummer, F., Manea, L., Trepel, D., & McMillan, D. (2016). Screening for anxiety disorders with the GAD-7 and GAD-2: a systematic review and diagnostic metaanalysis. General Hospital Psychiatry, 39, 24-31. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.11.005

Poulsen, K., & Pachana, N. A. (2012). Depression and anxiety in older and middle‐aged adults with diabetes. Australian Psychologist, 47(2), 90-97. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-9544.2010.00020.x

Ramos, C. (2020). Covid-19: la nueva enfermedad causada por un coronavirus. Salud Pública de México, 62(2), 225-227. doi: 10.21149/11276

Reddy, N. B., Pallavi, M., Reddy, N. N., Reddy, C. S., Singh, R. K., & Pirabu, R. A. (2012). Psychological Morbidity Status Among the Rural Geriatric Population of Tamil Nadu, India: A Cross-sectional Study. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 34(3), 227-231. doi: 10.4103/0253-7176.106016

Reynolds, D. L., Garay, J. R., Deamond, S. L., Moran, M. K., Gold, W., & Styra, R. (2008). Understanding, compliance and psychological impact of the SARS quarantine experience. Epidemiology & Infection, 136(7), 997-1007. doi: 10.1017/S0950268807009156

Riedel-Heller, S. G., Busse, A., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2006). The state of mental health in old-age across the “old” European Union - systematic review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 113(5), 388-401. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00632.x

Rotella, F., & Mannucci, E. (2013). Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for depression. A meta- analysis of longitudinal studies. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 99(2), 98-104. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2012.11.022

Rubin, G. J., & Wessely, S. (2020). The psychological effects of quarantining a city. BMJ, 368, m313. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m313

Secretaría de Salud, & Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. (2016). Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición, ENSANUT 2016. Retrieved from https://ensanut.insp.mx/encuestas/ensanut2016/doctos/informes/ENSANUT2016ResultadosNacionales.pdf

Secretaría de Salud. (2020). Nuevo Coronavirus en el mundo COVID-19. Comunicado Técnico Diario - February 29. Retrieved from https://www.gob.mx/salud/prensa/nuevo-coronavirus-en-el-mundo-covid-19-comunicado-tecnico-diario-236362

Seldenrijk, A., Vogelzangs, N., Batelaan, N. M., Wieman, I., van Schaik, D. J. F., & Penninx, B. J. W. H. (2015). Depression, anxiety and 6-year risk of cardiovascular disease. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 78(2), 123-129. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.10.007

Sesento, G. L. (2015). El papel de la mujer en el desarrollo de México. Revista Contribuciones a las Ciencias Sociales, 27. Retrieved from http://www.eumed.net/rev/cccss/2015/01/mujer.html

Sierra-Aparicio, T. A., Magaña-Quijano, B. P., Vargas-Quiñones, J., Martínez-García, B., & Toledo-Fernández, A. (2019). Moderating effects of executive function between depression severity and work performance: a web-based cross-sectional study. Salud Mental, 42(2), 59-64. doi: 10.17711/SM.0185-3325.2019.008

Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092-1097. doi: 10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092

Thoresen, S., Tambs, K., Hussain, A., Heir, T., Johansen, V. A., & Bisson, J. I. (2010). Brief measure of posttraumatic stress reactions: Impact of Event Scale-6. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 45(3), 405-412. doi: 10.1007/s00127-009-0073-x

Vancampfort, D, Correll, C. U., Galling, B., Probst, M., De Hert, M., Ward. P. B., … Stubbs, B. (2016). Diabetes mellitus in people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder: a systematic review and large scale meta-analysis. World Psychiatry, 15(2), 166-174. doi: 10.1002/wps.20309

Wang, C., Horby, P. W., Hayden, F. G., & Gao, G. F. (2020). A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. The Lancet, 395(10223), 470-473. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9

Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729; doi: 10.3390/ijerph17051729

Wang, H. R., Cho, H., & Kim, D.-J. (2018). Prevalence and correlates of comorbid depression in a nonclinical online sample with DSM-5 internet gaming disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 226, 1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.005

Wang, R., Bishwajit, G., Zhou, Y., Wu, X., Feng, D., Tang, S., ... Feng, Z. (2019). Intensity, frequency, duration, and volume of physical activity and its association with risk of depression in middle- and older-aged Chinese: Evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, 2015. PloS One, 14(8), e0221430. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221430

Weiss, D. S. (2007). The Impact of Event Scale: Revised. In Wilson, J. P., & Tang, C. S.-k. (Eds.). International and cultural psychology. Cross-cultural assessment of psychological trauma and PTSD, (pp. 219-238). Springer Science + Business Media. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-70990-1_10

Wetherell, J. L., Maser, J. D., & van Balkom, A. (2005). Anxiety disorders in the elderly: outdated beliefs and a research agenda. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 111(6), 401-402. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00545.x

World Health Organization. (2017). Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates. Geneva: World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/254610/WHO-MSD-MER-2017.2-eng.pdf?sequence=1

World Health Organization. (2020a). Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Situation Report-1, January 21. World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200121-sitrep-1-2019-ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=20a99c10_4

World Health Organization. (2020b). WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard - May 13. World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://covid19.who.int/

Yin, Y., & Wunderink, R. G. (2018). MERS, SARS and other coronaviruses as causes of pneumonia. Respirology, 23(2), 130-137. doi: 10.1111/resp.13196